非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。

一、      非谓语动词独立主格结构

  在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
  Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.  
  有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）
  = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
  He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
  他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）
  = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
  The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
  由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）
  = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.

A．       不定式“独立主格结构”

  在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。

1．动词不定式用主动的形式
  在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
  His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.
  他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
  ——will you go to the comcert tonight   你今晚去听音乐会吗？
  ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time.
  对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
  （＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.）
  The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book.
  我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
  （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）
  Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.  种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)

B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”

动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
  Being ill, he went home.
由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）
  Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
  1． 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
  Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
  每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was
  ready)
  The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
  每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）
  2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
  The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）
  Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）
  必背：
  含有being的独立主格结构。
  It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
  = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
  There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
  = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3． 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
  Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
  时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time
  permits)
  My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
  我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）
4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
  The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
  学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
  The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 
  男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

  C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
  与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
  The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.
  该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
  = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.
  The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
  由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
  = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.
  He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
  他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
  = He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
  The task completed,he had two months' leave.
  任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.）
比较：
  动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
  The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）
  The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
  The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
  The food cooked, the boy went to bed.    饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）一、    动词独立主格结构

  “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。

A．逻辑主语+名词
  Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
  十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）
  注意：
  独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
  There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
  It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.   因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
  B．逻辑主语+形容词
  He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
  他睡眼惺忪地转向

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